Decoding messages is also a key step in gene expression, in which information from a gene is read out to build a protein. In this article, we'll take a closer look at the genetic code, which …

How are the instructions for building a protein encoded in DNA, and how are they deciphered by the cell? In this article, we'll take a closer look at the genetic code, which allows DNA and RNA …

Each gene (or, in bacteria, each group of genes transcribed together) has its own promoter. A promoter contains DNA sequences that let RNA polymerase or its helper proteins attach to the …

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the sequence of nucleotide bases (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) in a piece of DNA. Today, with the right equipment and materials, sequencing a short …

This experiment was an early step in the process of deciphering the genetic code, which was completed in 1966 when researchers identified the codons for all twenty amino acids.

How genes in DNA can provide instructions for proteins. The central dogma of molecular biology: DNA → RNA → protein.

In transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed (copied out) to make an RNA molecule.

In eukaryotic cells, DNA to mRNA transcription occurs within the nucleus, producing pre-mRNA. This pre-mRNA undergoes processing, including the addition of a 5' cap, a poly-A tail, and …

Learn about how the information in an mRNA sequence is decoded to make a polypeptide.

DNA bears the hereditary information that’s passed on from parents to children, providing instructions for how (and when) to make the many proteins needed to build and maintain …