Angelo and Cross (book available in CTE library) have written extensively on formative classroom techniques. Summative assessment is used to understand student learning at the end of a class or ...

Formative assessment plays a central role in effective teaching. It is not something done at the end of instruction, but rather a continuous process woven into the learning itself. As Bell and Cowie ...

The two main assessments used during a course are formative and summative assessment. It is easier to understand each by comparing them. It is important to note, however, that assessments may often ...

It is the use of the assessment that makes it formative. If evidence of student achievement is not used to adapt instruction or to give feedback to students to improve their learning, it is summative.