The pericardium was opened through a left thoracotomy. Micromanometer pressure transducers (Konigsberg Instruments, Pasadena, Calif) and polyvinyl catheters for transducer calibration (1.1-mm internal ...

The right carotid artery of anesthetized rats (Brietal; 50 mg·kg −1 IP) was cannulated with a micromanometer‐tipped catheter (SPR 838, Millar Instruments, Houston, TX). The heart rate and arterial ...

Animals were chronically instrumented with a left ventricular cavity micromanometer (P22; Konigsberg Instruments) to measure the left ventricular pressure, and endocardial and epicardial ...

Pressure drop was measured with a micromanometer (Furness FC016). The experiments were carried out in triplicate and pressure drop was plotted as a function of fluid superficial velocity, v. The total ...

4 Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia 5 Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, ...