Currently, there are two main types of technique used for dose calculation, represented by: pencil beam algorithms, which are less accurate but quite fast; and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, which are ...

As a result, the first pencil beam treatment went seamlessly ... Hutch has integrated numerous state-of-the-art technologies, including Monte Carlo dose calculations, beam-shaping apertures and ...

The resulting pencil-beam scanning dose rate (PBS-DR) distributions are shown as coloured overlays. (Courtesy: Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.08.053) The ultrahigh dose rates ...

From these values, recent calculations and measurements indicate that the annual dose for an average workload (20 patients ... the operators’ desk should be positioned at least 1m away from a pencil ...

For a spine plus femur DEXA scan, the effective dose varies from less than 1 μSv to about 15 μSv. In pencil beam systems the dose is generally less than 1 μSv, while values between 1 to 10 μSv have ...

Pencil beam scanning systems shape the delivered radiation dose by “painting” tumors spot-by-spot and layer-by-layer with sub-atomic particles. Prior to HYPERSCAN PBS, scanning proton systems ...