Currently, there are two main types of technique used for dose calculation, represented by: pencil beam algorithms, which are less accurate but quite fast; and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, which are ...

As a result, the first pencil beam treatment went seamlessly ... Hutch has integrated numerous state-of-the-art technologies, including Monte Carlo dose calculations, beam-shaping apertures and ...

Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) have investigated the feasibility of using pencil-beam scanning ... the PBS plans to deliver a uniform dose based on the full prescription as a ...

From these values, recent calculations and measurements indicate that the annual dose for an average workload (20 patients ... the operators’ desk should be positioned at least 1m away from a pencil ...

Pencil beam scanning systems shape the delivered radiation dose by “painting” tumors spot-by-spot and layer-by-layer with sub-atomic particles. Prior to HYPERSCAN PBS, scanning proton systems ...

For a spine plus femur DEXA scan, the effective dose varies from less than 1 μSv to about 15 μSv. In pencil beam systems the dose is generally less than 1 μSv, while values between 1 to 10 μSv have ...