Embedding techniques for Markov chains seek to determine when a discrete‐time transition matrix can be realised as the matrix exponential of a continuous‐time generator. This embedding problem lies at ...

This paper outlines a way to estimate transition matrices for use in credit risk modeling with a decades-old methodology that uses aggregate proportions data. This methodology is ideal for credit-risk ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. Dr. Lance B. Eliot is a world-renowned AI scientist and consultant. In today’s column, I closely examine an innovative way of ...