While there are a number of techniques available for profiling surface structures, like scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the advantage Auger spectroscopy has for ...

What is Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)? Analyzing the features of various types of substrates involves the application of the essential analytical technique known as Auger Electron Spectroscopy ...

Auger electron spectroscopy is a well-established surface-sensitive technique. It has been mostly used for the identification of species on sample surfaces, especially to monitor the process of sample ...

What is Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy? Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a powerful analytical technique used to study the chemical composition, electronic structure, and local bonding ...

X-rays, a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, pack enough energy to pierce materials and interact with inner-shell electrons. 1 When they hit a sample, ...