Most projects are built on abstractions. After all, few of us can create our own wire, our own transistors, or our own integrated circuits. A few months ago, [Julian Ilett] found a problem using the ...

In the previous chapter, we stored the current state in a variable and switched the LED operation mode every time the button was pressed.The signals sent to the LED so far have been of two types: HIGH ...

Looking for a simple circuit to control the light intensity of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) or similar lighting sources? Here is an Arduino based circuit with three independent pulse width modulated ...

When multiple PWM converters are connected in series (or in parallel) in a power electronics circuit, it is appropriate to run all converters at the same frequency but with certain phase shift among ...

I have been discussing control algorithms for a power supply and idly looking for some easy hardware on which to try the technique – hardware small enough to build into a prototype. See also: An AVR ...

Here’s an Arduino library that will let you drive a very large number of LEDs. [Elco Jacobs], an electrical engineering student, is the author of the library. He has a work-study job that has him ...

One way around the problem of getting a fast response from a microcontroller is to move the problem away from the processor. In the case of the ESP32 there are some built-in devices that can use GPIO ...

In adding an alternative cutter drive motor (‘spindle’) to an existing cnc machine, an electrically isolated pwm to analogue converter is needed. The machine uses a ‘grbl’ controller, which has an ...

What sorts of things do you use PWM for? There are lots of very clever uses for PWM. However, there are two applications which account for most PWM applications - voltage or power modulation and ...