Europe has been experiencing dozens of extreme weather events in recent weeks, from blistering heatwaves to raging storms. Many of these rapidly fluctuating phenomena have already been attributed in part to human-induced climate change.

A blaze in southern France forced the closure of the Marseille airport, and weather agencies issued warnings for other parts of Europe where temperatures were expected to climb this week.

A 10-day heat wave that ended on July 2 pushed temperatures above 40C (104F) across parts of Western Europe. According to scientists from Imperial College London and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, climate change intensified the heat by as much as 4C (39F) in 12 major cities, including Barcelona, Madrid, Milan, and London.